How a Steel Mill Works - 1130 Words

How A Steel Mill Works The principal consumables employed in steel production are iron ore, coal, scrap metal and electrical energy. The importance of each of these consumables depends upon the technological processes adopted at each mill. In a classic integrated mill, coal and iron ore are the main consumables. In semi-integrated mills, scrap iron is the mainstay. An integrated mill comprises four basic operations – reduction, refining, solidification, and rolling – to convert iron ore into semi-finished or finished (rolled) steel products. †¢ Reduction The objective is to convert iron ore – naturally occurring in the form of ferrous oxide – into pig iron. In this operation, a coker converts coal into coke that is then†¦show more content†¦Among these are refractories, electrodes, and alloying elements. †¢ Refractories are materials that work as thermal isolators and are used to coat critical steel mill equipment such as blast furnaces, ladles, and converters. Their main function is to protect the equipment from extreme temperatures and to minimize wear and tear. †¢Electrodes constitute an important input in the operation of electric steel mills. †¢ Alloying elements Metals such as zinc, tin, chrome and aluminum are employed in steel alloy production. A steel mill uses industrial gases extensively. In addition to the jet of oxygen-fed converters in integrated mills, oxygen is frequently injected into blast furnaces and electric furnances to improve overall operating conditions. Given the volume of oxygen utilized, steel mills usually house one or more oxygen producing units. This used to be integrated vertically into the steelworks themselves. However, in recent years, initiatives have been widely employed to outsource this operation to specialized companies. There are also non-integrated manufacturers which operate via a single processing phase: reduction or rolling. In the first case are pig iron producers, the so-called ironers, that utilize coal in blast furnaces to make pig iron. In the second case are the re-rollers of plates and billets acquired from integrated orShow MoreRelatedStructural Steel And Sustainability Of Construction Materials1388 Words   |  6 PagesStructural Steel and Sustainability The sustainability of construction materials is a huge topic in today’s world of engineering. Finding a way to improve the efficiency, costs, and environmental impact of construction is a key discussion topic. When it comes to structural steel being used today, our society is pushing towards the use of â€Å"green† steel. This term is used to represent the life cycle of steel as well as the production of structural steel. While most construction materials differ significantlyRead MoreTrump’S Buy American And U.S. Steel Industry? . Shuang1506 Words   |  7 PagesTrump’s Buy American and U.S. Steel industry? 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The Stem Field Is No Stranger For Advancement And Innovation

The STEM field is no stranger to advancement and innovation. In a thriving age of technology and science, one could argue that the United States (and many countries throughout the world) have progressed a long way from the outdated technologies that were used in past decades. Yet, despite the vast progress made in the stem fields, the demographics of STEM workers are still highly outdated with its lack of racial and gender diversity. As a result of the growing number of jobs in STEM, organizations such as Black Girls Code are making steps to prepare minorities for these careers. The founder of Black Girls Code, Kimberly Bryant, experienced what she calls â€Å"cultural isolation† during her collegiate years and throughout her career as an electrical engineer. Bryant recalls seeing very few faces like her own and felt that there was a void in the STEM field that needed to be filled by the presence of black women. 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Dragons Essay Example For Students

Dragons Essay How many times during the night do we toss and turn, check the clock, and find it ticking away and tell ourselves, If I could fall asleep right now I would get at least five hours of sleep? But, sleep doesnt come so we continue to toss and turn. This happens to many people and may suffer from a disorder known as insomnia. People who suffer from this disorder have many complaints, and many have similar symptoms. Symptoms can vary from stress to pain to always feeling tired. Insomnia is a very difficult disease to have to live with. It is hard for both those that suffer from it and their family members. According to Linde and Savaleys, The Sleep Book, (1974), the person who has trouble sleeping is not alone (p. 9). They also claim, An estimated thirty million people suffer from chronic insomnia (p.9). Many non-insomniacs have occasional periods when they wonder if theyd make it through a sleepless night. Many insomniacs cant fall asleep because of pain and discomfort. Those that can fall asleep but cant stay asleep might be caused from depression, or too many things to worry about. In Ernest Hartmanns The Sleeping Pill (1978) some causes of insomnia (p. 113). He states that pain and discomfort do indeed play an important part in the difficulty remaining asleep. For those having difficulty remaining asleep might be because of depression or having too much to worry about. In Linde and Savarys, The Sleep Book (1974), Dr. Dale C. Friend claims, insomnia can be classified by four causes: tension, fatigue, discomfort, and in and out insomnia (p. 100). Tension insomnia occurs mostly in executives or people who worry about their businesses. Tension builds up inside during the day and is still inside at bedtime, it wont come out, so they tend to worry and are not able to go tot sleep. Fatigue insomnia happens when people who get tired during the day and then they take a nap in the early afternoon and as a result they cannot go to sleep at bedtime. People suffering from discomfort insomnia often complain of stomach upsets, such as ulcers, toothaches, or arthritis. This causes them to wake up during the night, which gives them discomfort. In and out insomnia occurs when patients feel that they didnt sleep at all during the night when they really did, but only stayed in the first stages of light sleep and woke up frequently throughout the night. Dr. Allan Recht schaffen states in Linde and Savarys The Sleep Book, (1974) Insomniacs spend less time in REM sleep than normal sleepers (p. 110). REM sleep, or rapid eye movement sleep is the final stage of sleep reached in a normal sleep cycle. To better understand this cycle of sleep scientists have used an electroencephalogram to measure brain waves during sleep. A normal sleep cycle consists of five distinct stages with paradoxical, or REM stage being the final stage. REM sleep is what is commonly known as deep sleep. There are many other causes of Insomnia such as the many environmental causes said by Ernest Hartmanns The Sleeping Pill (1978). Hartmann states, any loud noise or sounds that can irritate or aggravate can disrupt a persons sleep (p. 116). When trying to sleep, the littlest things can bother someones sleep whether hearing the bathroom water faucet dripping or even the heater coming on during the night. All these things can keep a person up all night when they are suffering from i nsomnia. He also claims, there is a condition sometimes called habit insomnia (p. 116). Habit insomnia is when something caused the insomnia in the past so when the sufferer associates it into habit. For example, when the see the bed that they have difficulty sleeping on, they condition themselves to think that they cant sleep because of the bed, therefore they dont sleep. In Mendelsons Human Sleep and Its Disorders, (1977) Incidence of insomnia was found by doing a sampling of 1,645 persons and it was found that 14% of those tested had trouble getting to sleep, (Karacan, et. al., 1973). The results tended to be higher for women than men and as age increased. Tiller, studied 83 healthy office patients of 60 years or more and found that 21% of them complained of insomnia at some point (1964). He also states that for the two kinds of insomniacs people under the age of fifty, cant fall asleep and those over fifty had no difficulty falling asleep but cant stay asleep for the duration of the night. In Human Sleep and its Disorders, (1977) McGhie and Russell (1962) questioned 2500 persons in Scotland representing a cross section of the country. They found that women generally sleep less than men. Some of this may be due to the constant hormonal fluctuations females have. In another study Weiss, Kasinoff and Bailey (1962) questioned 100 general medical outpatients, 100 psychiatric clinic out patients and 100 healthy patients all of similar age. The psychiatric group had four times the sleep problems as the healthy people and medical patients. It is also very ironic that married people tend to sleep less than single people. .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd , .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd .postImageUrl , .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd , .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd:hover , .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd:visited , .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd:active { border:0!important; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd:active , .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec07ba3de369e0123b65eb45cfb3f7fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 19th century EssayThere are many different kinds of treatments for insomnia. Treatments can vary from going to see the doctor, taking sleeping pills or just by doing little things to help ease the mind and body to be able to sleep. In The Sleep Book by Linde and Savary, (1974) she gives us a few rememdies for insomniacs. She gives a list of 22 ways to help insomniacs rest. Some of those include going to bed the same time every night, establishing a routine and ceasing to take afternoon or evening naps. One of the best suggestions is to limit the amount of stimulants you take. Stimulants include anything containing caffeine, such as coffee or sodas. Stimulants, as most peop le know, keep you awake. For insomnia sufferers limiting caffeine intake can be crucial to establishing better sleep. It is best if people go to bed at the same time every night and follow a daily or nightly routine. This helps to condition the body so better sleep habits can be established. Linde stresses the importance of following a daily routine and to discontinue afternoon or evening naps. Following this advice could be all the help a person needs to overcome insomnia. She refers to this as, sleep hygiene (p.106-9). She uses this term in comparison to the way we establish physical hygiene routines such as taking a shower every morning or brushing our teeth before bed. Establishing good sleep hygiene is simply doing the same routine at bedtime every night at about the same time, at least until the insomnia subsides. Ernest Hartmann states, The first step in treating insomnia is careful medical and psychiatric evaluation (p. 123). Specific treatments can be given to insomniacs ac cording to what kind of insomnia they have. Doctors will evaluate and learn what is wrong with these patients and then devise a plan of action to follow. In Ten Steps For Better Sleep (2000), Shauna S. Roberts suggests some more advice for those suffering from insomnia. Avoiding alcohol within several hours of bedtime is important, although many believe alcohol can relax them so they can get to sleep. However, alcohol can actually cause a person to wake during the night more often, or to toss and turn all night. Another important bit of advice she suggests is to avoid exercise at least three hours before bedtime. The reason for this is that when a person exercises, endorphins are released into the blood and can cause a person to be unable to fall asleep for many hours. She also advises people suffering from insomnia to discontinue watching television or reading while in bed. This is important because a person needs to condition their body to associate the bed with sleep, not with te levision or reading. For many an obvious and easy solution for insomnia would be to take sleeping pills. However, most doctors do not suggest this method of treatment unless in extreme cases where a patients overall health is compromised. The reason for this is that the risks associated with addictive medications are more difficult to treat than the insomnia itself. When medication is prescribed, it is often only given for a maximum of four weeks to lessen the chances of dependency (Eddy Walbroehl, 1999). It is known also, that one of the biggest causes of insomnia is depression. The Harvard Health Letter states that a big problem with insomnia is that patients continue striving to treat the insomnia but do nothing to treat the depression. The insomnia may subside for a brief period but will generally return and may be worse than before. If patients seek treatment for their depression first and then work on establishing better sleep habits, then the whole problem of insomnia may co mpletely go away (1998). The difficulty many patients have when dealing with both depression and insomnia is determining which is causing the other. For instance, if a person is suffering from insomnia, the lack of sleep may also cause some feelings of depression. At the same time if a person is suffering from depression they have insomnia as a result of that depression. It is important to seek medical advice when having feelings of worthlessness or overwhelming sadness. Insomnia is not a laughing matter. Many people suffer through a lot of pain and loss of sleep because of this disorder. Family member have to deal with their loved ones being sick. It is said in all the books that I used that more and more each year they are finding more causes of insomnia and more people suffer from it. I have learned from doing this research paper that insomnia really is a difficult disorder to have to live with. By doing this paper I learned more things I never thought I could learn about insomni a. The research that Ive done has opened my eyes on what is wrong and how it can be treated. We need to take care of our bodies, our minds and ourselves. We need to exercise right, at appropriate times, sleep at the right time and never get ourselves so stressed out that we cant sleep at night. Insomnia can affect a person really fast and its hard to get rid of this disorder without a lot of effort. If we follow the advice given here, we will have an easier life. Supernatural Issues Essays